Accents/diacritics

\acute{a} \grave{a} \hat{a} \tilde{a} \breve{a}
\check{a} \bar{a} \ddot{a} \dot{a}

Standard functions

\sin a \cos b \tan c
\sec d \csc e \cot f
\arcsin h \arccos i \arctan j
\sinh k \cosh l \tanh m \coth n
\operatorname{sh}o\, \operatorname{ch}p\, \operatorname{th}q
\operatorname{arsinh}r\, \operatorname{arcosh}s\, \operatorname{artanh}t
\lim u \limsup v \liminf w \min x \max y
\inf z \sup a \exp b \ln c \lg d \log e \log_{10} f \ker g
\deg h \gcd i \Pr j \det k \hom l \arg m \dim n

Modular arithmetic

s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}
a\, \bmod\, b

Derivatives

\nabla\, \partial x\, dx\, \dot x\, \ddot y\, dy/dx\, \frac{dy}{dx}\, \frac{\partial^2 y}, {\partial x_1\,\partial x_2}

Sets

\forall \exists \empty \emptyset \varnothing
\in \ni \not\in \notin \not\ni \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq
\cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus \setminus \smallsetminus
\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup

Operators

+ \oplus \bigoplus \pm \mp -
\times \otimes \bigotimes \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot
\star */ \div \frac{1}{2}

Logic

\land (or \and) \wedge \bigwedge \bar{q} \to p
\lor \vee \bigvee \lnot \neg q \And

Root

\sqrt{2} \sqrt[n]{x}

Relations

\sim \approx \simeq \cong \dot= \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}
< \le \ll \gg \ge > \equiv \not\equiv \ne \mbox{or} \neq \propto
\lessapprox \lesssim \eqslantless \leqslant \leqq \geqq \geqslant \eqslantgtr \gtrsim \gtrapprox

Geometric

\Diamond \Box \triangle \angle \perp \mid \nmid \| 45^\circ

Arrows

\leftarrow (or \gets) \rightarrow (or \to) \nleftarrow \nrightarrow \leftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \longleftarrow \longrightarrow \longleftrightarrow
\Leftarrow \Rightarrow \nLeftarrow \nRightarrow \Leftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow \Longleftarrow (or \impliedby) \Longrightarrow (or \implies) \Longleftrightarrow (or \iff)
\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow
\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons
\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \Rrightarrow \rightarrowtail \looparrowright
\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \Lleftarrow \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft
\mapsto \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow

Special

\And \eth \S \P \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots \colon
\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top
\vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert \imath \hbar
\ell \mho \Finv \Re \Im \wp \complement
\diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \Game \flat \natural \sharp

USubscripts, superscripts, integrals

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Superscript	a^2
Subscript	a_2
Grouping	a^{2+2}
	a_{i,j}
Combining sub & super without and with horizontal separation	x_2^3
	{x_2}^3
Super super	10^{10^{8}}
Preceding and/or Additional sub & super	_nP_k
	\sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b
	{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4
Stacking	\overset{\alpha}{\omega}
	\underset{\alpha}{\omega}
	\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}}
	\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega}
Derivatives	x', y'', f', f''
	x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}
Derivative dots	\dot{x}, \ddot{x}
Underlines, overlines, vectors	\hat a\ \bar b\ \vec c
	\overrightarrow{a b}\ \overleftarrow{c d}\ \widehat{d e f}
	\overline{g h i}\ \underline{j k l}
	\not 1\ \cancel{123}
Arrows	A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C
Overbraces	\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{\text{sum}\,=\,5050}
Underbraces	\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26\text{ terms}}
Sum	\sum_{k=1}^N k^2
Sum (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2
Product	\prod_{i=1}^N x_i
Product (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i
Coproduct	\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i
Coproduct (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i
Limit	\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n
Limit (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n
Integral	\int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx
Integral (alternate limits style)	\int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx
Integral (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx
Integral (force \textstyle, alternate limits style)	\textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx
Double integral	\iint\limits_D \, dx\,dy
Triple integral	\iiint\limits_E \, dx\,dy\,dz
Quadruple integral	\iiiint\limits_F \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt
Line or path integral	\int_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy
Closed line or path integral	\oint_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy
Intersections	\bigcap_1^n p
Unions	\bigcup_1^k p

Fractions, matrices, multi-lines

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Fractions	\frac{1}{2}=0.5
Small ("text style") fractions	\tfrac{1}{2} = 0.5
Large ("display style") fractions	\dfrac{k}{k-1} = 0.5
Mixture of large and small fractions	\dfrac{ \tfrac{1}{2}[1-(\tfrac{1}{2})^n] }{ 1-\tfrac{1}{2} } = s_n
Continued fractions (note the difference in formatting)	\cfrac{2}{ c + \cfrac{2}{ d + \cfrac{1}{2} } } = a \qquad \dfrac{2}{ c + \dfrac{2}{ d + \dfrac{1}{2} } } = a
Binomial coefficients	\binom{n}{k}
Small ("text style") binomial coefficients	\tbinom{n}{k}
Large ("display style") binomial coefficients	\dbinom{n}{k}
Matrices	\begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{matrix}
	\begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{vmatrix}
	\begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Vmatrix}
	\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots & 0 \end{bmatrix}
	\begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Bmatrix}
	\begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{pmatrix}
	\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix} a&b\\ c&d \end{smallmatrix} \bigr)
Arrays	\begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\ \hline 0&0&1\\ 0&1&1\\ 1&0&1\\ 1&1&0 \end{array}
Cases	f(n) = \begin{cases} n/2, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\ 3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd} \end{cases}
System of equations	\begin{cases} 3x + 5y + z &= 1 \\ 7x - 2y + 4z &= 2 \\ -6x + 3y + 2z &= 3 \end{cases}
Breaking up a long expression so it wraps when necessary	<math>f(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n</math> <math>= a_0 + a_1x + a_2x^2 + \cdots</math>
Multiline equations	\begin{align} f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\ & = a^2+2ab+b^2 \end{align}
	\begin{alignat}{2} f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\ & = a^2-2ab+b^2 \end{alignat}
Multiline equations with alignment specified (left, center, right)	\begin{array}{lcl} z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z \end{array}
	\begin{array}{lcr} z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z \end{array}

Parenthesizing big expressions, brackets, bars

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Bad	( \frac{1}{2} )
Good	\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )

You can use various delimiters with \left and \right:

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Parentheses	\left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )
Brackets	\left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack
Braces (note the backslash before the braces in the code)	\left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace
Angle brackets	\left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle
Bars and double bars (note: "bars" provide the absolute value function)	\left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|
Floor and ceiling functions:	\left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil
Slashes and backslashes	\left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash
Up, down and up-down arrows	\left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow
Delimiters can be mixed, as long as \left and \right are both used	\left [ 0,1 \right ) \left \langle \psi \right |
Use \left. or \right. if you don't want a delimiter to appear:	\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X
Size of the delimiters	\big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( \dots \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]
	\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ \dots \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle
	\big| \Big| \bigg| \Bigg| \dots \Bigg\| \bigg\| \Big\| \big\|
	\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor \dots \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil
	\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow \dots \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow
	\big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow \dots \Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow
	\big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / \dots \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash

Alphabets

Greek alphabet
Boldface (greek)
\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta
\Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu
\Nu \Xi \Omicron \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau
\Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega
\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta
\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu
\nu \xi \omicron \pi \rho \sigma \tau
\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega
\varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa
\varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi
\boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta}
\boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu}
\boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau}
\boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega}
\boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta}
\boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}
\boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau}
\boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega}
\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varkappa}
\boldsymbol{\varpi} \boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\varphi}

References:

• Help:Displaying a formula in LaTeX - Meta (wikimedia.org)

Accents/diacritics

\acute{a} \grave{a} \hat{a} \tilde{a} \breve{a}
\check{a} \bar{a} \ddot{a} \dot{a}

Standard functions

\sin a \cos b \tan c
\sec d \csc e \cot f
\arcsin h \arccos i \arctan j
\sinh k \cosh l \tanh m \coth n
\operatorname{sh}o\, \operatorname{ch}p\, \operatorname{th}q
\operatorname{arsinh}r\, \operatorname{arcosh}s\, \operatorname{artanh}t
\lim u \limsup v \liminf w \min x \max y
\inf z \sup a \exp b \ln c \lg d \log e \log_{10} f \ker g
\deg h \gcd i \Pr j \det k \hom l \arg m \dim n

Modular arithmetic

s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}
a\, \bmod\, b

Derivatives

\nabla\, \partial x\, dx\, \dot x\, \ddot y\, dy/dx\, \frac{dy}{dx}\, \frac{\partial^2 y}, {\partial x_1\,\partial x_2}

Sets

\forall \exists \empty \emptyset \varnothing
\in \ni \not\in \notin \not\ni \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq
\cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus \setminus \smallsetminus
\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup

Operators

+ \oplus \bigoplus \pm \mp -
\times \otimes \bigotimes \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot
\star */ \div \frac{1}{2}

Logic

\land (or \and) \wedge \bigwedge \bar{q} \to p
\lor \vee \bigvee \lnot \neg q \And

Root

\sqrt{2} \sqrt[n]{x}

Relations

\sim \approx \simeq \cong \dot= \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}
< \le \ll \gg \ge > \equiv \not\equiv \ne \mbox{or} \neq \propto
\lessapprox \lesssim \eqslantless \leqslant \leqq \geqq \geqslant \eqslantgtr \gtrsim \gtrapprox

Geometric

\Diamond \Box \triangle \angle \perp \mid \nmid \| 45^\circ

Arrows

\leftarrow (or \gets) \rightarrow (or \to) \nleftarrow \nrightarrow \leftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \longleftarrow \longrightarrow \longleftrightarrow
\Leftarrow \Rightarrow \nLeftarrow \nRightarrow \Leftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow \Longleftarrow (or \impliedby) \Longrightarrow (or \implies) \Longleftrightarrow (or \iff)
\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow
\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons
\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \Rrightarrow \rightarrowtail \looparrowright
\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \Lleftarrow \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft
\mapsto \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow

Special

\And \eth \S \P \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots \colon
\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top
\vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert \imath \hbar
\ell \mho \Finv \Re \Im \wp \complement
\diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \Game \flat \natural \sharp

USubscripts, superscripts, integrals

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Superscript	a^2
Subscript	a_2
Grouping	a^{2+2}
	a_{i,j}
Combining sub & super without and with horizontal separation	x_2^3
	{x_2}^3
Super super	10^{10^{8}}
Preceding and/or Additional sub & super	_nP_k
	\sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b
	{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4
Stacking	\overset{\alpha}{\omega}
	\underset{\alpha}{\omega}
	\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}}
	\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega}
Derivatives	x', y'', f', f''
	x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}
Derivative dots	\dot{x}, \ddot{x}
Underlines, overlines, vectors	\hat a\ \bar b\ \vec c
	\overrightarrow{a b}\ \overleftarrow{c d}\ \widehat{d e f}
	\overline{g h i}\ \underline{j k l}
	\not 1\ \cancel{123}
Arrows	A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C
Overbraces	\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{\text{sum}\,=\,5050}
Underbraces	\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26\text{ terms}}
Sum	\sum_{k=1}^N k^2
Sum (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2
Product	\prod_{i=1}^N x_i
Product (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i
Coproduct	\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i
Coproduct (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i
Limit	\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n
Limit (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n
Integral	\int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx
Integral (alternate limits style)	\int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx
Integral (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx
Integral (force \textstyle, alternate limits style)	\textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx
Double integral	\iint\limits_D \, dx\,dy
Triple integral	\iiint\limits_E \, dx\,dy\,dz
Quadruple integral	\iiiint\limits_F \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt
Line or path integral	\int_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy
Closed line or path integral	\oint_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy
Intersections	\bigcap_1^n p
Unions	\bigcup_1^k p

Fractions, matrices, multi-lines

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Fractions	\frac{1}{2}=0.5
Small ("text style") fractions	\tfrac{1}{2} = 0.5
Large ("display style") fractions	\dfrac{k}{k-1} = 0.5
Mixture of large and small fractions	\dfrac{ \tfrac{1}{2}[1-(\tfrac{1}{2})^n] }{ 1-\tfrac{1}{2} } = s_n
Continued fractions (note the difference in formatting)	\cfrac{2}{ c + \cfrac{2}{ d + \cfrac{1}{2} } } = a \qquad \dfrac{2}{ c + \dfrac{2}{ d + \dfrac{1}{2} } } = a
Binomial coefficients	\binom{n}{k}
Small ("text style") binomial coefficients	\tbinom{n}{k}
Large ("display style") binomial coefficients	\dbinom{n}{k}
Matrices	\begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{matrix}
	\begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{vmatrix}
	\begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Vmatrix}
	\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots & 0 \end{bmatrix}
	\begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Bmatrix}
	\begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{pmatrix}
	\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix} a&b\\ c&d \end{smallmatrix} \bigr)
Arrays	\begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\ \hline 0&0&1\\ 0&1&1\\ 1&0&1\\ 1&1&0 \end{array}
Cases	f(n) = \begin{cases} n/2, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\ 3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd} \end{cases}
System of equations	\begin{cases} 3x + 5y + z &= 1 \\ 7x - 2y + 4z &= 2 \\ -6x + 3y + 2z &= 3 \end{cases}
Breaking up a long expression so it wraps when necessary	<math>f(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n</math> <math>= a_0 + a_1x + a_2x^2 + \cdots</math>
Multiline equations	\begin{align} f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\ & = a^2+2ab+b^2 \end{align}
	\begin{alignat}{2} f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\ & = a^2-2ab+b^2 \end{alignat}
Multiline equations with alignment specified (left, center, right)	\begin{array}{lcl} z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z \end{array}
	\begin{array}{lcr} z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z \end{array}

Parenthesizing big expressions, brackets, bars

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Bad	( \frac{1}{2} )
Good	\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )

You can use various delimiters with \left and \right:

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Parentheses	\left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )
Brackets	\left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack
Braces (note the backslash before the braces in the code)	\left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace
Angle brackets	\left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle
Bars and double bars (note: "bars" provide the absolute value function)	\left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|
Floor and ceiling functions:	\left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil
Slashes and backslashes	\left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash
Up, down and up-down arrows	\left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow
Delimiters can be mixed, as long as \left and \right are both used	\left [ 0,1 \right ) \left \langle \psi \right |
Use \left. or \right. if you don't want a delimiter to appear:	\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X
Size of the delimiters	\big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( \dots \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]
	\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ \dots \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle
	\big| \Big| \bigg| \Bigg| \dots \Bigg\| \bigg\| \Big\| \big\|
	\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor \dots \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil
	\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow \dots \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow
	\big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow \dots \Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow
	\big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / \dots \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash

Alphabets

Greek alphabet
Boldface (greek)
\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta
\Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu
\Nu \Xi \Omicron \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau
\Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega
\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta
\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu
\nu \xi \omicron \pi \rho \sigma \tau
\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega
\varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa
\varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi
\boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta}
\boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu}
\boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau}
\boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega}
\boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta}
\boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}
\boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau}
\boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega}
\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varkappa}
\boldsymbol{\varpi} \boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\varphi}

References:

• Help:Displaying a formula in LaTeX - Meta (wikimedia.org)

Variable Operands

String Handlers

List Control

Array Handling

Dictionaries Manipulate

File Command

Procedures

Variable Operands

String Handlers

List Control

Array Handling

Dictionaries Manipulate

File Command

Procedures

Variable Operands

String Handlers

List Control

Array Handling

Dictionaries Manipulate

File Command

Procedures

Loading a data set and creating a data pipeline

Preprocessing data in ML.NET is unique and different from other frameworks because it requires an explicit class of our data structure. To do so, we create a class called InputModel, and we will state all the columns of our data set.

For this article, we have used the Credit Card Fraud Detection data set from Kaggle. This data set contains 31 columns. The class of the transaction, either 0 or 1, the amount of the transaction, the time the transaction occurred, and 28 other columns.

Now that we have our data modeled, we need also to model what our output should look like; The below script can achieve this.

The next step should be loading downloaded .csv data; Having defined model input and datafile path, and other constructor options.

Afterward, we will define the data process configuration with pipeline data transformations.

Training and saving the Model

Next, setting the training algorithm and evaluating the quality of the Model.

Usage of the saved model and prediction of credit card fraud are included in program.cs on Github page.

Loading a data set and creating a data pipeline

Preprocessing data in ML.NET is unique and different from other frameworks because it requires an explicit class of our data structure. To do so, we create a class called InputModel, and we will state all the columns of our data set.

For this article, we have used the Credit Card Fraud Detection data set from Kaggle. This data set contains 31 columns. The class of the transaction, either 0 or 1, the amount of the transaction, the time the transaction occurred, and 28 other columns.

Now that we have our data modeled, we need also to model what our output should look like; The below script can achieve this.

The next step should be loading downloaded .csv data; Having defined model input and datafile path, and other constructor options.

Afterward, we will define the data process configuration with pipeline data transformations.

Training and saving the Model

Next, setting the training algorithm and evaluating the quality of the Model.

Usage of the saved model and prediction of credit card fraud are included in program.cs on Github page.

Loading a data set and creating a data pipeline

Preprocessing data in ML.NET is unique and different from other frameworks because it requires an explicit class of our data structure. To do so, we create a class called InputModel, and we will state all the columns of our data set.

For this article, we have used the Credit Card Fraud Detection data set from Kaggle. This data set contains 31 columns. The class of the transaction, either 0 or 1, the amount of the transaction, the time the transaction occurred, and 28 other columns.

Now that we have our data modeled, we need also to model what our output should look like; The below script can achieve this.

The next step should be loading downloaded .csv data; Having defined model input and datafile path, and other constructor options.

Afterward, we will define the data process configuration with pipeline data transformations.

Training and saving the Model

Next, setting the training algorithm and evaluating the quality of the Model.

Usage of the saved model and prediction of credit card fraud are included in program.cs on Github page.

Here are some key areas where we can see the differences between C# and Python:

Accessibility

One area where C# and Python differ is in their accessibility. Python was created as an open-source language, meaning the community is more extensive and available resources. C# recently became an open-source language, and the community might be slightly smaller. However, if you use C#, you may access Microsoft's formalized support system for a fee. Python, however, has no centralized support network. Its community of users can offer experience, troubleshooting, and general advice.

Speed

Python is dynamically typed, whereas C# is statically typed. That is, when you use a variable in Python, it generally doesn't matter what it is; the interpreter will declare them out at runtime. It could be a string, a float, or an integer; they will all print as what they are during runtime.

For C# all the types must be declared before runtime. If you misuse a float instead of a string, the compiler will complain. The variables must be the exact types to work. This means extra time ensuring that all of your types are in order which, in turn, means more time spent programming, but on the other side it allocates less resources to preform. Moreover, there are approaches that you can use to declare dynamic variables in C#.

Performance

When it comes to performance, there is a clear advantage of C# over Python. C# is a compiled language, and Python is an interpreted one. Python's speed depends heavily on its interpreter, with the main ones being CPython and PyPy. Regardless of which, the C# is much faster in most cases.

For some applications, it can be up to 44 times faster than Python. This is for several reasons—from Python's garbage collector to its dictionary lookups. It's also partly due to C# being a compiled language: it takes more work to write but runs more efficiently.

Tools

Both Python and C# have many different tools that you can use to make the development process more manageable. Microsoft offers several company-specific tools that are often free for individual users, while you can find many open-source tools for Python. It may take some time to learn all Microsoft's tools and plugins, though they can make the coding process faster once you understand them. Python's open-source tools could be easier to learn, but they may not be as comprehensive as the tools for C#.

Suitability

Choosing between C# and Python may depend on their respective relevance to your project. Some developers may use C# because of its object-oriented programming design and integration with the .NET framework. This can be helpful if you already understand Java, develop applications within Microsoft's platform, or need stable access to reliable support.

Because it's a high-level programming language, Python may be more suitable for projects with faster turnaround times. It has fewer language constructions and can be easier to learn with repeated use. As you increase your language knowledge, you can access a broader range of Python's valuable features.

Accuracy

C#'s development process includes a build and a compile step that can take additional time. The benefit is that the compiler can identify errors in syntax before they disrupt the system's functionality.

Python has limited ways to identify any syntax errors before they occur. While this can support an efficient development process, coding in Python may require the help of an experienced programmer who can ensure the accuracy, scalability, and comprehensiveness of the developer's work.

Reliability

C#'s infrastructure software can support more users with reduced server resources, and its performance may be slightly better than Python's. In Python, however, you can improve performance by implementing performance aids like compilers and syntax checkers.

Python's development process, including writing and code deployment, can be faster than C#. The language's high-performing nature, libraries of pre-written code, and clear syntax often allow for increased productivity.

Flexibility

Both C# and Python can offer flexibility for various projects. Python offers both high speed and performance and is easy to learn. It offers seamless cross-platform development, and its open-source libraries are comprehensive. For projects requiring Microsoft integration, guaranteed performance, or traditional syntax and libraries, C# may be more suitable. Both languages can be reliable choices depending on the needs and specifications of your project.

Readability

Python often delineates blocks of code with white space that can make it easier to read. In C#, developers delineate code blocks using braces and brackets, and the code can sometimes result in many lines of brackets. While still readable, some prefer the white space and simple structure of Python coding over the rows of brackets that sometimes occur in C#.

Here are some key areas where we can see the differences between C# and Python:

Accessibility

One area where C# and Python differ is in their accessibility. Python was created as an open-source language, meaning the community is more extensive and available resources. C# recently became an open-source language, and the community might be slightly smaller. However, if you use C#, you may access Microsoft's formalized support system for a fee. Python, however, has no centralized support network. Its community of users can offer experience, troubleshooting, and general advice.

Speed

Python is dynamically typed, whereas C# is statically typed. That is, when you use a variable in Python, it generally doesn't matter what it is; the interpreter will declare them out at runtime. It could be a string, a float, or an integer; they will all print as what they are during runtime.

For C# all the types must be declared before runtime. If you misuse a float instead of a string, the compiler will complain. The variables must be the exact types to work. This means extra time ensuring that all of your types are in order which, in turn, means more time spent programming, but on the other side it allocates less resources to preform. Moreover, there are approaches that you can use to declare dynamic variables in C#.

Performance

When it comes to performance, there is a clear advantage of C# over Python. C# is a compiled language, and Python is an interpreted one. Python's speed depends heavily on its interpreter, with the main ones being CPython and PyPy. Regardless of which, the C# is much faster in most cases.

For some applications, it can be up to 44 times faster than Python. This is for several reasons—from Python's garbage collector to its dictionary lookups. It's also partly due to C# being a compiled language: it takes more work to write but runs more efficiently.

Tools

Both Python and C# have many different tools that you can use to make the development process more manageable. Microsoft offers several company-specific tools that are often free for individual users, while you can find many open-source tools for Python. It may take some time to learn all Microsoft's tools and plugins, though they can make the coding process faster once you understand them. Python's open-source tools could be easier to learn, but they may not be as comprehensive as the tools for C#.

Suitability

Choosing between C# and Python may depend on their respective relevance to your project. Some developers may use C# because of its object-oriented programming design and integration with the .NET framework. This can be helpful if you already understand Java, develop applications within Microsoft's platform, or need stable access to reliable support.

Because it's a high-level programming language, Python may be more suitable for projects with faster turnaround times. It has fewer language constructions and can be easier to learn with repeated use. As you increase your language knowledge, you can access a broader range of Python's valuable features.

Accuracy

C#'s development process includes a build and a compile step that can take additional time. The benefit is that the compiler can identify errors in syntax before they disrupt the system's functionality.

Python has limited ways to identify any syntax errors before they occur. While this can support an efficient development process, coding in Python may require the help of an experienced programmer who can ensure the accuracy, scalability, and comprehensiveness of the developer's work.

Reliability

C#'s infrastructure software can support more users with reduced server resources, and its performance may be slightly better than Python's. In Python, however, you can improve performance by implementing performance aids like compilers and syntax checkers.

Python's development process, including writing and code deployment, can be faster than C#. The language's high-performing nature, libraries of pre-written code, and clear syntax often allow for increased productivity.

Flexibility

Both C# and Python can offer flexibility for various projects. Python offers both high speed and performance and is easy to learn. It offers seamless cross-platform development, and its open-source libraries are comprehensive. For projects requiring Microsoft integration, guaranteed performance, or traditional syntax and libraries, C# may be more suitable. Both languages can be reliable choices depending on the needs and specifications of your project.

Readability

Python often delineates blocks of code with white space that can make it easier to read. In C#, developers delineate code blocks using braces and brackets, and the code can sometimes result in many lines of brackets. While still readable, some prefer the white space and simple structure of Python coding over the rows of brackets that sometimes occur in C#.

Here are some key areas where we can see the differences between C# and Python:

Accessibility

One area where C# and Python differ is in their accessibility. Python was created as an open-source language, meaning the community is more extensive and available resources. C# recently became an open-source language, and the community might be slightly smaller. However, if you use C#, you may access Microsoft's formalized support system for a fee. Python, however, has no centralized support network. Its community of users can offer experience, troubleshooting, and general advice.

Speed

Python is dynamically typed, whereas C# is statically typed. That is, when you use a variable in Python, it generally doesn't matter what it is; the interpreter will declare them out at runtime. It could be a string, a float, or an integer; they will all print as what they are during runtime.

For C# all the types must be declared before runtime. If you misuse a float instead of a string, the compiler will complain. The variables must be the exact types to work. This means extra time ensuring that all of your types are in order which, in turn, means more time spent programming, but on the other side it allocates less resources to preform. Moreover, there are approaches that you can use to declare dynamic variables in C#.

Performance

When it comes to performance, there is a clear advantage of C# over Python. C# is a compiled language, and Python is an interpreted one. Python's speed depends heavily on its interpreter, with the main ones being CPython and PyPy. Regardless of which, the C# is much faster in most cases.

For some applications, it can be up to 44 times faster than Python. This is for several reasons—from Python's garbage collector to its dictionary lookups. It's also partly due to C# being a compiled language: it takes more work to write but runs more efficiently.

Tools

Both Python and C# have many different tools that you can use to make the development process more manageable. Microsoft offers several company-specific tools that are often free for individual users, while you can find many open-source tools for Python. It may take some time to learn all Microsoft's tools and plugins, though they can make the coding process faster once you understand them. Python's open-source tools could be easier to learn, but they may not be as comprehensive as the tools for C#.

Suitability

Choosing between C# and Python may depend on their respective relevance to your project. Some developers may use C# because of its object-oriented programming design and integration with the .NET framework. This can be helpful if you already understand Java, develop applications within Microsoft's platform, or need stable access to reliable support.

Because it's a high-level programming language, Python may be more suitable for projects with faster turnaround times. It has fewer language constructions and can be easier to learn with repeated use. As you increase your language knowledge, you can access a broader range of Python's valuable features.

Accuracy

C#'s development process includes a build and a compile step that can take additional time. The benefit is that the compiler can identify errors in syntax before they disrupt the system's functionality.

Python has limited ways to identify any syntax errors before they occur. While this can support an efficient development process, coding in Python may require the help of an experienced programmer who can ensure the accuracy, scalability, and comprehensiveness of the developer's work.

Reliability

C#'s infrastructure software can support more users with reduced server resources, and its performance may be slightly better than Python's. In Python, however, you can improve performance by implementing performance aids like compilers and syntax checkers.

Python's development process, including writing and code deployment, can be faster than C#. The language's high-performing nature, libraries of pre-written code, and clear syntax often allow for increased productivity.

Flexibility

Both C# and Python can offer flexibility for various projects. Python offers both high speed and performance and is easy to learn. It offers seamless cross-platform development, and its open-source libraries are comprehensive. For projects requiring Microsoft integration, guaranteed performance, or traditional syntax and libraries, C# may be more suitable. Both languages can be reliable choices depending on the needs and specifications of your project.

Readability

Python often delineates blocks of code with white space that can make it easier to read. In C#, developers delineate code blocks using braces and brackets, and the code can sometimes result in many lines of brackets. While still readable, some prefer the white space and simple structure of Python coding over the rows of brackets that sometimes occur in C#.